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Ĭarbon black, one of the components of toner, is classified as "possibly carcinogenic" ( Group 2B) by the IARC.Īs a fine powder, toner can remain suspended in the air for some period, and is considered to have health effects comparable to inert dust. (1991) reported that the responses to chronically inhaled copying toner, a plastic dust pigmented with carbon black, titanium dioxide and silica, were also similar qualitatively to titanium dioxide and diesel exhaust. See also: Laser_printing § Respiratory health risks Similar HEPA-filter equipped vacuums should be used for clean-up of larger toner spills. These are called electrostatic discharge-safe (ESD-safe) or toner vacuums. If toner spills into the laser printer, a special type of vacuum cleaner with an electrically conductive hose and a high efficiency ( HEPA) filter may be needed for effective cleaning. So they also can cause overheating by clogging the motor filter and short circuit by their electric conductivity (carbon, iron) when they melt inside the motor. Toner particles are so fine that they are poorly filtered by household vacuum cleaner filter bags and can blow through the vacuum motor into the room. Static discharge from charged toner particles theoretically may ignite dust in the vacuum cleaner bag or create a small explosion if sufficient toner is airborne.
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Because of this and the small particle size, toner should not be vacuumed with a conventional home vacuum cleaner. Toner particles have electrostatic properties by design and can develop static-electric charges when they rub against other particles, objects, or the interiors of transport systems and vacuum cleaner hoses. Because toner is a wax or plastic powder with a low melting temperature it must be kept cold while cleaning. Unfused toner is easily cleaned from most water-washable clothing. Toner fused to clothing usually cannot be removed.
#What is ricoh color toner made of skin
Toner fused to skin eventually wears off, or can be partially removed using an abrasive hand cleaner. Hot or warm water softens the toner, causing it to bond in place. Toner can be washed off skin and garments with cold water. The smaller, uniform shapes permit more accurate colour reproduction and more efficient toner use. This results in more uniform size and shapes of toner particles. To get a finer print, some companies are using a chemical process to grow toner particles from molecular reagents. This process results in toner granules with varying sizes and aspherical shapes. Toner has traditionally been made by compounding the ingredients and creating a slab which was broken or pelletized, then turned into a fine powder with a controlled particle size range by air jet milling. Toner manufacturers maintain a quality control standard for particle size distribution in order to produce a powder suitable for use in their printers. Further reductions in particle size producing further improvements in resolution are being developed through the application of new technologies such as Emulsion-Aggregation. Theoretically, for the perfect reproduction of dots and print features at 600 dpi, a particle size of about 5 μm is required and, at 1200 dpi, about 3 μm is required. Originally, the particle size of toner averaged 14–16 micrometres or greater. Typically formulation, granule size and melting point vary the most. Toner formulations vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and even from machine to machine. The specific polymer used varies by manufacturer but can be a styrene acrylate copolymer, a polyester resin, a styrene butadiene copolymer, or a few other special polymers.
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Laser toner cartridges for use in color copiers and printers come in sets of cyan, magenta, yellow and black ( CMYK), allowing a very large color gamut to be generated by mixing.Ĭomposition, size and manufacture Later copiers, and laser printers from the first 1984 Hewlett-Packard LaserJet, feed directly from a sealed toner cartridge. In earlier photocopiers, this low-cost carbon toner was poured by the user from a bottle into a reservoir in the machine. Toner particles are melted by the heat of the fuser, and are thus bonded to the paper. Toner using plant-derived plastic also exists as an alternative to petroleum plastic. Mostly granulated plastic, early mixtures only added carbon powder and iron oxide, however, mixtures have since been developed containing polypropylene, fumed silica, and various minerals for triboelectrification. Toner is a powder mixture used in laser printers and photocopiers to form the printed text and images on the paper, in general through a toner cartridge.